??????

百度三农工作一直是习近平的心中牵挂。

?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????^[1] ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????^[2]^[3] ??????? ??????? ?? "1" ????? ????? "2" ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

???

??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???: ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????^[8] ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????^[9] ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????^[10]^[11]

????? ?????

????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????: ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????^[12] ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? 16 ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????^[13] ??? "????? ?????" ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????^[14]

???? ?????

Two curve crossing over at a point, forming a X shape — ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????

????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????^[15] ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????[1] ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????[1] ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????[1]^[15]

???? ?????

???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????^[16]^[17]^[18] ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????^[19] ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????^[20]^[21] ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????^[22]^[23]^[11] ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? <i id="mwA4E">???? ??????</i> ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????^[24]^[25] ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????^[26] ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

??????? ?????

???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????^[31]^[32] ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????^[33] ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????^[34] ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????^[35]^[36] ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????^[37]^[38]

?????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????^[39]^[40]

??? ??????? ?????

??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????^[41]^[42] ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? 20 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????^[43]

↑ Lombard? Marlize? G?rdenfors? Peter (2017). "Tracking the Evolution of Causal Cognition in Humans". Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 95 (95): 219–234. doi:10.4436/JASS.95006. ISSN 1827-4765. PMID 28489015.
↑ Graeber? David? Wengrow? David (2021). The Dawn of Everything. ?. 248.
↑ Budd? Paul? Taylor? Timothy (1995). "The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic Versus Science in the Interpretation of Prehistoric Metal-Making". World Archaeology. 27 (1): 133–143. doi:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980297. JSTOR 124782.
↑ Tuomela? Raimo (1987). "Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt? J.C.? Pera? M. (eds.). Rational Changes in Science. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 98. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 83–101. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4. ISBN 978-94-010-8181-8.
↑ Smith? Pamela H. (2009). "Science on the Move: Recent Trends in the History of Early Modern Science". Renaissance Quarterly. 62: 345–375. doi:10.1086/599864. PMID 19750597.
↑ Fleck? Robert (March 2021). "Fundamental Themes in Physics from the History of Art". Physics in Perspective ( ???????? ??????? ?????). 23 (1): 25–48. Bibcode:2021PhP....23...25F. doi:10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7. ISSN 1422-6944.
↑ Dear? Peter (2012). "Historiography of Not-So-Recent Science". History of Science. 50: 197–211. doi:10.1177/007327531205000203.
↑ Cohen? Eliel (2021). "The boundary lens: theorising academic actitity". The University and its Boundaries: Thriving or Surviving in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge. pp. 14–41. ISBN 978-0-367-56298-4. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
↑ "Scientific Method: Relationships Among Scientific Paradigms". Seed Magazine. March 7, 2007. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016. ?????? ?????? ???????? 1, 2016 ?????? ??? ??? ??????
↑ Bunge? Mario Augusto (1998). Philosophy of Science: From Problem to Theory. Transaction Publishers. ?. 24. ISBN 978-0-7658-0413-6.
↑ ^11?0 ^11?1 Popper? Karl R. (2002a). "A survey of some fundamental problems". The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Routledge Classics. pp. 3–26. ISBN 978-0-415-27844-7. OCLC 59377149.
↑ Gauch? Hugh G. Jr. (2003). "Science in perspective". Scientific Method in Practice. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–73. ISBN 978-0-521-01708-4. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
↑ Oglivie? Brian W. (2008). "Introduction". The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe (Paperback ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–24. ISBN 978-0-226-62088-6.
↑ "Natural History". Princeton University WordNet. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
↑ ^15?0 ^15?1 Colander? David C.? Hunt? Elgin F. (2019). "Social science and its methods". Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society (17th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 1–22.
↑ "Formal Sciences: Washington and Lee University". Washington and Lee University. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2021. A "formal science" is an area of study that uses formal systems to generate knowledge such as in Mathematics and Computer Science. Formal sciences are important subjects because all of quantitative science depends on them.
↑ L?we? Benedikt (2002). "The formal sciences: their scope, their foundations, and their unity". Synthese. 133 (1/2): 5–11. doi:10.1023/A:1020887832028.
↑ Rucker? Rudy (2019). "Robots and souls". Infinity and the Mind: The Science and Philosophy of the Infinite (Reprint ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 157–188. ISBN 978-0-691-19138-6. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
↑ "formal system". Encyclop?dia Britannica ( ???????? ??????? ?????). Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
↑ Tomalin? Marcus (2006). Linguistics and the Formal Sciences.
↑ L?we? Benedikt (2002). "The Formal Sciences: Their Scope, Their Foundations, and Their Unity". Synthese. 133: 5–11. doi:10.1023/a:1020887832028.
↑ Fetzer? James H. (2013). "Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems". Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines. Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 271–308. ISBN 978-1-4438-1946-6.
↑ Bill? Thompson (2007). "2.4 Formal Science and Applied Mathematics". The Nature of Statistical Evidence. Lecture Notes in Statistics. 189. Springer. ?. 15.
↑ Bishop? Alan (1991). "Environmental activities and mathematical culture". Mathematical Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education. Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 20–59. ISBN 978-0-7923-1270-3. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
↑ Bunge? Mario (1998). "The Scientific Approach". Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory. 1 (revised ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 3–50. ISBN 978-0-7658-0413-6.
↑ Mujumdar? Anshu Gupta? Singh? Tejinder (2016). "Cognitive science and the connection between physics and mathematics". In Aguirre? Anthony? Foster? Brendan (eds.). Trick or Truth?: The Mysterious Connection Between Physics and Mathematics. The Frontiers Collection. Switzerland: SpringerNature. pp. 201–218. ISBN 978-3-319-27494-2.
↑ "About the Journal". Journal of Mathematical Physics. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2006.
↑ Restrepo? G. (2016). "Mathematical chemistry, a new discipline". In Scerri? E.? Fisher? G. (eds.). Essays in the philosophy of chemistry. New York, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 332–351. ISBN 978-0-19-049459-9. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021.
↑ "What is mathematical biology". Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Bath. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018. ?????? ?????? ?????????? 23, 2018 ?????? ??? ??? ??????
↑ Johnson? Tim (September 1, 2009). "What is financial mathematics?". +Plus Magazine. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
↑ Abraham? Reem Rachel (2004). "Clinically oriented physiology teaching: strategy for developing critical-thinking skills in undergraduate medical students". Advances in Physiology Education. 28 (3): 102–04. doi:10.1152/advan.00001.2004. PMID 15319191.
↑ Bunge? M (1966). "Technology as Applied Science". In Rapp? F. (ed.). Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 19–39. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2. ISBN 978-94-010-2184-5.
↑ "Cambridge Dictionary". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
↑ Brooks? Harvey (2025-08-04). "The relationship between science and technology" (PDF). Research Policy. Special Issue in Honor of Nathan Rosenberg ( ???????? ??????? ?????). 23 (5): 477–486. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(94)01001-3. ISSN 0048-7333. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04. ?????? ?????? 2025-08-04 ?????? ??? ??? ??????
↑ Firth? John (2020). "Science in medicine: when, how, and what". Oxford textbook of medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874669-0.
↑ Saunders? J. (June 2000). "The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science". Med Humanit. 26 (1): 18–22. doi:10.1136/mh.26.1.18. PMC 1071282. PMID 12484313.
↑ Davis? Bernard D. (March 2000). "Limited scope of science". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000. PMC 98983. PMID 10704471 & "Technology" in Davis? Bernard (Mar 2000). "The scientist's world". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000. PMC 98983. PMID 10704471.
↑ McCormick? James (2001). "Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine". Occasional Paper (Royal College of General Practitioners): 3–6. PMC 2560978. PMID 19790950.
↑ Breznau? Nate (2022). "Integrating Computer Prediction Methods in Social Science: A Comment on Hofman et al. (2021)". Social Science Computer Review. 40 (3): 844–853. doi:10.1177/08944393211049776.
↑ Hofman? Jake M.? Watts? Duncan J.? Athey? Susan? Garip? Filiz? Griffiths? Thomas L.? Kleinberg? Jon? Margetts? Helen? Mullainathan? Sendhil? Salganik? Matthew J.? Vazire? Simine? Vespignani? Alessandro (July 2021). "Integrating explanation and prediction in computational social science". Nature ( ???????? ??????? ?????). 595 (7866): 181–188. Bibcode:2021Natur.595..181H. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03659-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34194044. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
↑ Nissani? M. (1995). "Fruits, Salads, and Smoothies: A Working definition of Interdisciplinarity". The Journal of Educational Thought. 29 (2): 121–128. JSTOR 23767672.
↑ Moody G (2004). Digital Code of Life: How Bioinformatics is Revolutionizing Science, Medicine, and Business. John Wiley & Sons. ?. vii. ISBN 978-0-471-32788-2.
↑ Ausburg? Tanya (2006). Becoming Interdisciplinary: An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies (2nd ed.). New York: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.

[causal-cognition-1] Lombard? Marlize? G?rdenfors? Peter (2017). "Tracking the Evolution of Causal Cognition in Humans". Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 95 (95): 219–234. doi:10.4436/JASS.95006. ISSN 1827-4765. PMID 28489015.

[2] Graeber? David? Wengrow? David (2021). The Dawn of Everything. ?. 248.

[3] Budd? Paul? Taylor? Timothy (1995). "The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic Versus Science in the Interpretation of Prehistoric Metal-Making". World Archaeology. 27 (1): 133–143. doi:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980297. JSTOR 124782.

[4] Tuomela? Raimo (1987). "Science, Protoscience, and Pseudoscience". In Pitt? J.C.? Pera? M. (eds.). Rational Changes in Science. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 98. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 83–101. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3779-6_4. ISBN 978-94-010-8181-8.

[5] Smith? Pamela H. (2009). "Science on the Move: Recent Trends in the History of Early Modern Science". Renaissance Quarterly. 62: 345–375. doi:10.1086/599864. PMID 19750597.

[6] Fleck? Robert (March 2021). "Fundamental Themes in Physics from the History of Art". Physics in Perspective ( ???????? ??????? ?????). 23 (1): 25–48. Bibcode:2021PhP....23...25F. doi:10.1007/s00016-020-00269-7. ISSN 1422-6944.

[7] Dear? Peter (2012). "Historiography of Not-So-Recent Science". History of Science. 50: 197–211. doi:10.1177/007327531205000203.

[cohen2021-8] Cohen? Eliel (2021). "The boundary lens: theorising academic actitity". The University and its Boundaries: Thriving or Surviving in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge. pp. 14–41. ISBN 978-0-367-56298-4. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.

[9] "Scientific Method: Relationships Among Scientific Paradigms". Seed Magazine. March 7, 2007. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016. ?????? ?????? ???????? 1, 2016 ?????? ??? ??? ??????

[Bunge1998-10] Bunge? Mario Augusto (1998). Philosophy of Science: From Problem to Theory. Transaction Publishers. ?. 24. ISBN 978-0-7658-0413-6.

[popper2002a-11] 11?0 ^11?1 Popper? Karl R. (2002a). "A survey of some fundamental problems". The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Routledge Classics. pp. 3–26. ISBN 978-0-415-27844-7. OCLC 59377149.

[Gauch2003-12] Gauch? Hugh G. Jr. (2003). "Science in perspective". Scientific Method in Practice. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–73. ISBN 978-0-521-01708-4. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2018.

[Oglivie2008-13] Oglivie? Brian W. (2008). "Introduction". The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe (Paperback ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–24. ISBN 978-0-226-62088-6.

[Wordnet_definition-14] "Natural History". Princeton University WordNet. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2012.

[colanderhunt2019-15] 15?0 ^15?1 Colander? David C.? Hunt? Elgin F. (2019). "Social science and its methods". Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society (17th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 1–22.

[wluniversity2021-16] "Formal Sciences: Washington and Lee University". Washington and Lee University. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 14, 2021. A "formal science" is an area of study that uses formal systems to generate knowledge such as in Mathematics and Computer Science. Formal sciences are important subjects because all of quantitative science depends on them.

[l?we2002-17] L?we? Benedikt (2002). "The formal sciences: their scope, their foundations, and their unity". Synthese. 133 (1/2): 5–11. doi:10.1023/A:1020887832028.

[rucker2019-18] Rucker? Rudy (2019). "Robots and souls". Infinity and the Mind: The Science and Philosophy of the Infinite (Reprint ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 157–188. ISBN 978-0-691-19138-6. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.

[19] "formal system". Encyclop?dia Britannica ( ???????? ??????? ?????). Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2022.

[20] Tomalin? Marcus (2006). Linguistics and the Formal Sciences.

[21] L?we? Benedikt (2002). "The Formal Sciences: Their Scope, Their Foundations, and Their Unity". Synthese. 133: 5–11. doi:10.1023/a:1020887832028.

[Fetzer2013-22] Fetzer? James H. (2013). "Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems". Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines. Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 271–308. ISBN 978-1-4438-1946-6.

[Bill2007-23] Bill? Thompson (2007). "2.4 Formal Science and Applied Mathematics". The Nature of Statistical Evidence. Lecture Notes in Statistics. 189. Springer. ?. 15.

[Bishop1991-24] Bishop? Alan (1991). "Environmental activities and mathematical culture". Mathematical Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education. Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 20–59. ISBN 978-0-7923-1270-3. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

[Bunge_1998-25] Bunge? Mario (1998). "The Scientific Approach". Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory. 1 (revised ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 3–50. ISBN 978-0-7658-0413-6.

[MujumdarandTejinder2016-26] Mujumdar? Anshu Gupta? Singh? Tejinder (2016). "Cognitive science and the connection between physics and mathematics". In Aguirre? Anthony? Foster? Brendan (eds.). Trick or Truth?: The Mysterious Connection Between Physics and Mathematics. The Frontiers Collection. Switzerland: SpringerNature. pp. 201–218. ISBN 978-3-319-27494-2.

[27] "About the Journal". Journal of Mathematical Physics. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2006.

[28] Restrepo? G. (2016). "Mathematical chemistry, a new discipline". In Scerri? E.? Fisher? G. (eds.). Essays in the philosophy of chemistry. New York, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 332–351. ISBN 978-0-19-049459-9. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021.

[29] "What is mathematical biology". Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Bath. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2018. ?????? ?????? ?????????? 23, 2018 ?????? ??? ??? ??????

[30] Johnson? Tim (September 1, 2009). "What is financial mathematics?". +Plus Magazine. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2021.

[abraham2004-31] Abraham? Reem Rachel (2004). "Clinically oriented physiology teaching: strategy for developing critical-thinking skills in undergraduate medical students". Advances in Physiology Education. 28 (3): 102–04. doi:10.1152/advan.00001.2004. PMID 15319191.

[mbunge1966-32] Bunge? M (1966). "Technology as Applied Science". In Rapp? F. (ed.). Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 19–39. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2. ISBN 978-94-010-2184-5.

[cambridgedictionary-33] "Cambridge Dictionary". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on August 19, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2021.

[34] Brooks? Harvey (2025-08-04). "The relationship between science and technology" (PDF). Research Policy. Special Issue in Honor of Nathan Rosenberg ( ???????? ??????? ?????). 23 (5): 477–486. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(94)01001-3. ISSN 0048-7333. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04. ?????? ?????? 2025-08-04 ?????? ??? ??? ??????

[35] Firth? John (2020). "Science in medicine: when, how, and what". Oxford textbook of medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874669-0.

[36] Saunders? J. (June 2000). "The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science". Med Humanit. 26 (1): 18–22. doi:10.1136/mh.26.1.18. PMC 1071282. PMID 12484313.

[Davis-37] Davis? Bernard D. (March 2000). "Limited scope of science". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000. PMC 98983. PMID 10704471 & "Technology" in Davis? Bernard (Mar 2000). "The scientist's world". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000. PMC 98983. PMID 10704471.

[McCormick-38] McCormick? James (2001). "Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine". Occasional Paper (Royal College of General Practitioners): 3–6. PMC 2560978. PMID 19790950.

[39] Breznau? Nate (2022). "Integrating Computer Prediction Methods in Social Science: A Comment on Hofman et al. (2021)". Social Science Computer Review. 40 (3): 844–853. doi:10.1177/08944393211049776.

[40] Hofman? Jake M.? Watts? Duncan J.? Athey? Susan? Garip? Filiz? Griffiths? Thomas L.? Kleinberg? Jon? Margetts? Helen? Mullainathan? Sendhil? Salganik? Matthew J.? Vazire? Simine? Vespignani? Alessandro (July 2021). "Integrating explanation and prediction in computational social science". Nature ( ???????? ??????? ?????). 595 (7866): 181–188. Bibcode:2021Natur.595..181H. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03659-0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34194044. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.

[41] Nissani? M. (1995). "Fruits, Salads, and Smoothies: A Working definition of Interdisciplinarity". The Journal of Educational Thought. 29 (2): 121–128. JSTOR 23767672.

[42] Moody G (2004). Digital Code of Life: How Bioinformatics is Revolutionizing Science, Medicine, and Business. John Wiley & Sons. ?. vii. ISBN 978-0-471-32788-2.

[ausburg-43] Ausburg? Tanya (2006). Becoming Interdisciplinary: An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies (2nd ed.). New York: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

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